The English Dojo
All sections

Brown Belt

Inversion, cleft sentences, participle clauses, and the discourse markers of formal writing.

Inversion after Negative AdverbialsFree

Fronting a negative forces subject–auxiliary inversion, just like in a question.

12m
Cleft Sentences (It was... / What I need is...)Included with purchase

Splitting one idea into two clauses to focus and emphasize.

12m
Conditionals without ifIncluded with purchase

Omitting if by inverting the subject and auxiliary.

12m
Participle ClausesIncluded with purchase

-ing/-ed and having + participle to combine clauses concisely.

12m
Reduced Relative ClausesIncluded with purchase

Dropping the relative pronoun + be to shorten clauses.

12m
The Mandative SubjunctiveIncluded with purchase

Base form after suggest/insist/demand/recommend/essential that.

12m
Modal Perfects: should have, needn't have, would haveIncluded with purchase

Needn't have vs. didn't need to, and other modal-perfect nuance.

13m
Future in the PastIncluded with purchase

Was going to / would for plans viewed from a past moment.

13m
Relative Clauses with PrepositionsIncluded with purchase

Preposition + whom/which vs. stranded prepositions; quantifier + of which.

13m
Emphasis with Auxiliary do/didIncluded with purchase

Adding do/does/did to an already affirmative verb to stress truth or contrast.

12m
Fronting and Marked Word OrderIncluded with purchase

Moving objects and complements to the front shifts focus but does not always trigger inversion.

12m
Gradable vs. Non-Gradable Adjectives & IntensifiersIncluded with purchase

Very and absolutely don't combine with the same adjectives.

11m
Articles with Proper, Geographical & Abstract NounsIncluded with purchase

The behaves differently across names, places, institutions and abstractions.

13m
Advanced Discourse MarkersIncluded with purchase

Linking ideas formally with nonetheless, thereby, hence, whereby.

12m
Nominalization and Academic StyleIncluded with purchase

Turning verbs and adjectives into nouns for formal, dense style.

12m
would rather / had better / it's timeIncluded with purchase

Preference, advice and urgency followed by past or base forms.

12m
get-passive vs. be-passiveIncluded with purchase

Informal/eventive get-passive vs. neutral be-passive.

12m
Hedging and Cautious LanguageIncluded with purchase

Softening claims with modals, adverbs and reporting verbs.

12m

We use cookies that are necessary to run this site. With your consent, we’d also like to use analytics cookies to understand usage and improve the course. See our Cookie Policy.