The English Dojo
All sections

Yellow Belt

The present perfect, conditionals, reported speech, and the modals of obligation and advice.

Past Simple vs. Present PerfectFree

Finished past time vs. unfinished time and present relevance.

12m
Present Perfect with for and sinceIncluded with purchase

For marks a length of time while since marks a starting point.

12m
Past Simple vs. Past ContinuousIncluded with purchase

Completed action vs. action in progress / interruption.

12m
used to and would for Past HabitsIncluded with purchase

Past states and habits, and what would cannot do.

12m
Zero and First ConditionalsIncluded with purchase

General truths vs. real future possibilities.

12m
The Second ConditionalIncluded with purchase

Unreal or hypothetical present and future situations.

12m
will vs. going to vs. Present Continuous for the FutureIncluded with purchase

Predictions vs. intentions vs. fixed arrangements.

12m
must, have to, should: Obligation and AdviceIncluded with purchase

Personal obligation vs. external necessity vs. advice.

12m
mustn't vs. don't have toIncluded with purchase

Prohibition vs. absence of obligation.

12m
Gerunds vs. Infinitives: -ing or to?Included with purchase

Which verbs are followed by -ing and which by to.

11m
so vs. suchIncluded with purchase

So + adjective/adverb vs. such + (a) noun phrase.

11m
too vs. enoughIncluded with purchase

Too means "more than wanted" vs. enough means "sufficient", and the word order changes.

12m
(not) as ... as ComparisonsIncluded with purchase

Expressing equality and inequality with as ... as.

12m
Defining Relative Clauses (who, which, that)Included with purchase

Choosing who/which/that and knowing when that can be left out.

12m
Reported Speech: StatementsIncluded with purchase

Tense backshift and pronoun/time-expression changes.

12m
few / a few / little / a littleIncluded with purchase

Negative (few/little) vs. positive (a few/a little) meaning.

12m
make vs. doIncluded with purchase

Common collocations and fixed expressions decide which verb you use.

12m
-ed vs. -ing Adjectives (bored vs. boring)Included with purchase

The ending changes the meaning — how a person feels vs. what causes the feeling.

12m
both / either / neitherIncluded with purchase

Two-item quantifiers and verb agreement.

12m

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